shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist

Chapter 17: Shoudler Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Acting in conjunction with the pectoral girdle, the shoulder joint allows for a wide range of motion at the upper limb; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external/lateral rotation, internal/medial rotation and circumduction. Angle subgroup torque ratios analysis represents a promising approach for developing specific shoulder- strengthening programs for individuals with SCI, particularly during the initial rehabilitation period. This further supports the need to consider joint position (angle) when assessing strength ratios. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Sixteen individuals with complete motor paraplegia, without shoulder pain or impairment, were included in this study. Several ligaments limit the movement of the GH joint and resist humeral dislocation. All rights reserved. Contraction of the deltoid muscle applies a strong superior translation force to the humerus, this is countered by the action of the rotator cuff muscles, preventing superior humeral dislocation. Neer CS. A question often asked is to identify the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles. 2023 Jan 1;37(1):9-17. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004191. Because of this mobility-stability compromise, the shoulder joint is one of the most frequently injured joints of the body. Abduction and adduction strengths were measured at 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees abduction. Google Scholar. Hall, S. J. Richards, J. Stability has to be provided by ligaments and muscles, and a total of nine muscles cross each shoulder joint to insert on the humerus. Vastus Medialis, SPINE - Lateral Flexion & Rotation (Agonist), SPINE - Lateral Flexion & Rotation (Antagonist), SPINE - Medial Flexion & Rotation (Agonist), SPINE - Medial Flexion & Rotation (Antagonist), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. This is a stabilizing mechanism in which compression of the humerus into the concavity of glenoid fossa prevents its dislocation by translating forces. Did you find hard to remember anatomicalstructures? This approach can be used to precisely assess shoulder agonistantagonist strength balance, especially among individuals with SCI. Kolber MJ, Beekhuizen KS, Cheng MS, Hellman MA. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 529-535. doi:10.1080/02640411003628022Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2013). Kenhub. Protein and Weight Loss: How Much Protein Do You Need to Eat Per Day? [15] Within the scientific literature, the scapulohumeral rhythm is generally accepted to be 2:1, which represents 2 of humeral elevation for every degree of scapular upward rotation. Vafadar AK, Ct, J.N., & Archambault, P.S. The superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments support the joint from the anteroinferior side. However, it is important to note, this position limits the amount of load a person can lift. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: 4146. Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics-Training Expertise and Sex Affect Lifting Technique and Net Joint Moments. Sep-Oct;26(5):732-42.Gomo, O., & Tillaar, R. (2015). Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.exrx.net/Kinesiology/BenchPress.html.Bianco, A., Filingeri, D., Paoli, A., & Palma, A. Last reviewed: February 27, 2023 Thank you for visiting nature.com. Deltoid (agonist) and Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist), Biceps . [30], Further to the intricate network of passive ligatures that conjoin adjacent bones, the importance of the surrounding musculature cannot be overstated. 8 Effects of Different Volume-Equated Resistance Training Loading Strategies on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. The primary agonist muscles used during a shoulder press are the anterior deltoids and the triceps brachii, while the primary antagonist muscles are the latissimus dorsi and the biceps brachii. [4][5] Proper alignment of the glenohumeral head is important for the healthy engagement of the shoulder joint in activities of daily living. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, December 10 from 10PM to 11PM PST In addition, peak torque and peak torque ratios (F/E and Ab/Ad peak torque ratios) were also assessed independently of joint position. synergist and antagonist muscles. Again, because of the floating nature of the scapula along the thorax, it too, must rely on the kinship between the cortical direction provided by the nervous system and the resulting action of the MSK system. American Journal of Sports Medicine. There is ample evidence describing its use for improving upper body muscular endurance, strength, hypertrophy (muscle size) and power (Buitrago et al., 2013; Ogasawara et al., 2012; Schoenfeld et al., 2014). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Spinal Cord (Spinal Cord) The effect of age, hand dominance and gender. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 174180. Slider with three articles shown per slide. In addition to the F/E and Ab/Ad peak torque ratios, the F/E and Ab/Ad torque ratios were evaluated over the entire selected range of motion to refine their interpretation. Muscles work in pairs, whilst one works (contracts) the other relaxes. MeSH Accessibility Note that the mean (1 s.d.) Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the agonist:antagonist strength ratios and their relationship to postural measures among powerlifters. and JavaScript. My guess is the pecs as I was considering the opposite of a lateral raise (delts) to be a low cable fly (pecs). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. S Nadeau. It is split into anterior and posterior bands, between which sits the axillary pouch. Gombera MM, & Sekiya, J.K. Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability: a systematic review. Strength imbalances, including shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction and knee flexion:extension, and a shortened pectoralis minor may evolve as training adaptations among powerlifters, whereas thoracic kyphosis, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis remain unchanged. Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC, Stoneman PD . Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. Angle subgroup torque ratio analysis leads to a better estimation of the balance or imbalance between the agonist and antagonist muscle groups over a functional or selected range of motion than does traditional peak torque ratio analysis. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2005; 48: 8092. Before CAS Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb. Sternum: sternum consist of manubirum where SC joint attached ,body where ribs attached and xiphoid process. Vastus Lateralis The torque curves were generated for all movements and velocities investigated using gravity-corrected torque data at each angle of movement over the entire tested range. However, some researchers identified that muscle activity significantly changes during the sticking region when compared to the pre-sticking and post-sticking periods. Vastus Intermedius flexion, horizontal adduction, & internal rotation Middle fibers: abduction . When performing a bench press with a retracted scapula, some argue the pectoralis muscles enter the stretch reflex position sooner during the eccentric phase. Comparison of Isolated Lumbar Extension Strength in Competitive and Noncompetitive Powerlifters, and Recreationally Trained Men. The success of a coordinated movement of the humeral head with normalized arthrokinematics, avoiding an impingement situation, requires the harmonious co-contraction of the RC tendons. Nicola McLaren MSc Pentland WE, Twomey LT . Start with a standard grip of the bar approximately shoulder-width and the upper arms abducted about 45, and avoid an excessively wide or narrow grip. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21: 238242. Functional anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists. Mthodologie et rsultats chez le sujet sain. Reading time: 15 minutes. Methods: Flexion and extension strengths were measured isometrically using a Cybex II dynamometer at arm flexion angles of 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees. > Inhale during the lowering (eccentric) phase of the exercise. The cross point, defined as the point where agonist and antagonist muscle torques are equal, always occurred within the fifth 15 angle subgroup (26-40) for the shoulder flexion-extension . All participants were positioned on the chair of the Biodex system at 90 knee flexion and 70 hip flexion since the backrest was reclined by 20. [18] The normal contribution of the ST joint is generally expressed as the ratio of ST movement with regards to that occurring simultaneously at the GH articulation. Glenohumeral joint (Articulatio glenohumeralis) -Yousun Koh. what is spanish colonial music? The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. The angle subgroup torque ratios analysis showed that the agonistantagonist torque ratios were not constant and were significantly different according to the tested 15 angular subgroups. Elite athletes or powerlifters may perform the Valsalva maneuver during the bench press. Joint angle:Let in ag and in ant denote the input activation levels of agonist and antagonist muscles, respectively. Masson: Paris, 1998, 218. Relationships Between National Football League Combine Performance Measures. et al. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 298-304, 2017-Powerlifters routinely focus on 3 exercises: bench press, squat, and deadlift. Epub 2022 Jan 5. This may be especially true if an individual displays tightness of the pectoralis muscles, limited range of motion when assessing shoulder horizontal abduction, or a history of shoulder impingement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the isokinetic flexorextensor and abductoradductor torque ratios of the dominant shoulder in individuals with complete motor paraplegia using a new interpretative approach. More specifically to the GH joint, the fine-tuning stabilizers are just as important to the shoulder complex as the global movers for coordinated and smooth shoulder movements. Pectoralis major, deltoid (anterior fibers) and latissimus dorsi are also capable of producing this movement. (d) Ice formed by heavy water sinks in normal water. Tools. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. seated leg curl, good morning, forward step lunge, step-up, horizontal leg press, hip sled, deadlift, hack squat, back squat, front squat, push jerk/push . The second is on its superior and posterior aspects, where the capsular fibers blend directly with the glenoid labrum. Bayley JC, Cochran TP, Sledge CB . Mayer F, Horstmann T, Rocker K, Heitkamp HC, Dickhuth HH . Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. If you want to avoid elbow pain while benching, follow the link. In this case, use an elevated surface such as weight plates or short steps as foot rests near the end of the bench. Google Scholar. Revue critique de l'valuation isocintique de l'paule. Home. It becomes stretched, and least supported, when the arm is abducted. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Hes was an adjunct faculty member for California University Pennsylvania (2010-2018) teaching graduate-level courses in Corrective Exercise, Performance Enhancement, and Health and Fitness and currently serves as a Content and Production Manager for NASM. The inferior glenohumeral ligament is a sling-like ligament extending between the glenoid labrum and the inferomedial part of the humeral neck. [6][7] The space itself includes a bursa that provides lubrication for the rotator cuff (RC) tendons, the insertion for the long head of the biceps tendon, and the rotator cuff (RC) tendons themselves. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 4(4), 217-220. doi:10.1556/IMAS.4.2012.4.7Robbins, D. (2012). Blood supply of the subacromial bursa and rotator cuff tendons on the bursal side. 27 febrero, 2023 . Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8894/4230.Elliott, B., Wilson, G., & Kerr, G. (1989). Pectoralis Major (upper fibers) Flexion of the shoulder: Antagonist Muscle. latissimus dorsi, teres major. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997; 25: 203207. This is the strongest of the three GH ligaments, being thicker and longer than the other two. For all movements tested, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 587-591.Ogasawara, R., Thiebaud, R., Loenneke, J., Loftin, M., & Abe, T. (2012). The muscle that is contracting is called the. A detailed assessment of agonistantagonist muscle balance, especially around the shoulder joints, is of key relevance among individuals with SCI given the fact that the level of lesion and the functional status of the U/Es may change muscle strength. Along with the coracohumeral ligament, it supports the rotator interval and prevents inferior translation of the humeral head, particularly during shoulder adduction. Those would be the shoulder extensors: long head of triceps, Careers. Spinal Cord 46, 552558 (2008). Dehail, P., Gagnon, D., Noreau, L. et al. This incongruent bony anatomy allows for the wide range of movement available at the shoulder joint but is also the reason for the lack of joint stability. When weakness or neuromuscular dysfunction of the scapular musculature is present, normal scapular arthrokinematics become altered,[20] and ultimately predisposes an individual to an injury of the GH joint. Wilk KE, Andrews JR, Arrigo CA . [28], Further to their passive stabilization role, they also provide additional protection via the various mechanoreceptors embedded within their fibers. Nichols PJ, Norman PA, Ennis JR . and transmitted securely. All participants were at least 2-year post-SCI, right-hand dominant, independently propel their manual wheelchair during a minimum of 60min per day, independently transfer to and from their wheelchair around 19 times daily and reported an activity tolerance of at least 60min when frequent rest periods are offered. This wide ligament lies deep to, and blends, with the tendon of subscapularis muscle. Samuelsson KA, Tropp H, Gerdle B . Movement - Shoulder Flexion Agonist - Anterior deltoid and Pectoralis major. They also resist anterior translation of the humeral head. Is the singer Avant and R Kelly brothers? Lephart SM, Pincivero, D.M., Giraldo, J.L., & Fu, F.H. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. National Library of Medicine Start with relatively light loads and focus on optimizing technique. Internal rotation is primarily performed by the subscapularis and teres major muscles. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Thus, the level of association between each 15 angle subgroup torque diminished as the importance of the distance between angular sections tested increased for all muscle groups explored. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Strength Cond Res. It is also important to note that muscle activation varies depending if the muscle is performing an eccentric muscle action or a concentric muscle contraction, as well as the technique selected by the lifter (i.e., wide grip versus narrow grip). In individuals with paraplegia, this precise estimation of torque ratios may lead to the development of specific shoulder strengthening programs to prevent muscle imbalance and its consequences. Voight ML, & Thomson, B.C. Mechanical Load and Physiological Responses of Four Different Resistance Training Methods in Bench Press Exercise. Conjointly as agonist and antagonist couplings, they allow for the gross motor movements of the upper quadrant. In other words, an individual will have to use a lighter weight because this motion limits activation of the powerful sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis muscle. Strength imbalances were observed for shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction (2.57 0.58 vs. 1.78 0.28; p < 0.001) and knee flexion:extension (0.61 0.15 vs. 0.50 0.10; p = 0.033). (2013). The bodys muscles and tendons work in the same fashion. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The joint capsule is supplied from several sources; Blood supply to the shoulder joint comes from the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, circumflex scapular and suprascapular arteries. Paper presented at: Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia Conference Proceedings., 1997; Melborne, Australia. Overall, similar torque curves were found across the three angular velocities for shoulder flexionextension and abductionadduction. Brukner P, & Khan, K. et al. Joint torques in each direction were measured between 15 and 60 of shoulder abduction. Would you like email updates of new search results? This shoulder function comes at the cost of stability however, as the bony surfaces offer little support. Magee, D. J. Such an approach would only be adequate in the presence of a perfect correlation between the agonist and antagonist muscles over the entire tested range of motion, which is not expected in clinical practice. The capsule remains lax to allow for mobility of the upper limb. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The cross point, defined as the point where agonist and antagonist muscle torques are equal, always occurred within the fifth 15 angle subgroup (2640) for the shoulder flexionextension movements and within the first 15 angle subgroup (1529) for the shoulder abductionadduction movements, irrespective of angular velocity. The role of the scapula. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the agonist:antagonist strength ratios and their relationship to postural measures among powerlifters. Antagonists of the Shoulder Abductor Abducting your shoulder means lifting your arm out to the side. The shoulder complex involves 3 physiological joints and one floating joint: You can also consider the contributions of the sternocostal, vertebrocostal, and sternomanubrium joints when thinking about movement involving the shoulder complex. Abnormal glenohumeral translations have been linked to pathological shoulders and it has been suggested to be a contributing factor for shoulder pain and discomfort, and may also lead to the damage of encompassing structures. Bookshelf The sticking point is not the same location for everyone yet researchers have concluded it usually takes place about 0.2 seconds after the initial upward movement, and lasts about 0.9 seconds (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). Typography; Shortcodes; Pages. Isolated agonist and antagonist torque curve analyses should not be neglected when reporting strength ratios. Further studies are necessary to confirm the interest of this procedure. An impingement that involves a decreased space towards the coracoacromial arch is said to be an external impingement, whereas an internal impingement involves the glenoid rim,[18] and can be associated with a GH instability. (n.d.). Every muscle can be an Agonist, and every muscle has an antagonist paired muscle. The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries. In addition, this position may be less aggravating for people with a history of shoulder pain because the eccentric phase requires less shoulder horizontal abduction and places a greater emphasis on sagittal plane shoulder extension. Study design: Normative descriptive study. The weight-bearing shoulder. The additional accessory movements of spin, roll and slide (glide) are also available within the glenohumeral joint. In this population, agonistantagonist muscle strength imbalances have been linked to an increased risk of developing secondary musculoskeletal impairments affecting the shoulder joints.5 Such impairments could not only jeopardize the ability to perform functional activities,9 but also the level of social participation among individuals with SCI. Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. Workout Plans Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 19(2), 362-369. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.11.019Buitrago, S., Wirtz, N., Yue, Z., Kleinder, H., & Mester, J. Instead the surrounding shoulder muscles and ligamentous structures offer the joint security; the capsule, ligaments and tendons of the rotator cuff muscles. The AC joint is a diarthrodial and synovial joint. The Affect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance and Risk of Injury. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? Isokinetic strength measurement and training of the shoulder: methodology and results]. Together these joints can change the position of the glenoid fossa, relative to the chest wall. A resting period of 30s was given between the contractions and a two-min rest period was allowed when direction of movement was changed. Glenohumeral joint: want to learn more about it? The first is on its anterior and inferior sides where the capsule inserts into the scapular neck, posterior to the glenoid labrum. Upper limb function in persons with long-term paraplegia and implications for independence: part I. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 211218. The role of proprioception in the management and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. The scapulohumeral rhythm is quantified by dividing the total amount of shoulder elevation (humerothoracic) by the scapular upward rotation (scapulothoracic). External rotation of the humerus moves the greater tubercle out from under the acromial arch, allowing uninhibited arm abduction to occur. The subdeltoid-subacromial (SASD) bursa is located between the joint capsule and the deltoid muscle or acromion, respectively. Table 1. During right arm flexion: The upper thoracic vertebrae right side flexes, right rotates and extends. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. (a) Water is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis. For the U/Es, this method has been proposed, to better evaluate the relationship between shoulder rotators.16, 17, 18 Ng et al.19 and more recently Yildiz et al.18 used this eccentricconcentric approach to report torque ratios over an angular section (terminal range) where the antagonist muscles played a decelerator role (eccentric contractions). It is important to note, beginners do not need to perform an abundant amount of sets or repetitions. Janwantanakul P, Magarey, M.E., Jones, M.A., & Dansie, B.R. . Keep the volume relatively low to avoid overtraining and unnecessary muscle soreness. > Grasp the barbell with an opposing thumb grip (thumbs wraps around the bar) with your hands shoulder-width or slightly wider than shoulder-width apart. The first is the rotator interval, an area of unreinforced capsule that exists between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. Kennedy JC, Alexander, I.J., & Hayes, K.C. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: For a broader topic focus, try this customizable quiz. The movement of the scapula along the thoracic cage also directly influences the biomechanics of the shoulder complex as a whole, and can moreover predispose the development of impingement syndrome. For the sake of this article we will discuss the traditional barbell bench press from a fitness perspective. The anterior band limits externalrotation of the arm, while the posterior band limits internalrotation. However, this position may place the shoulder in a vulnerable position (Green, 2007). (Figure 2). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In particular, accessory adductor muscles serve to counter the strong internalrotation produced by pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. J Strength Cond Res. Synovial fluid filled bursae assist with the joints mobility. The subscapular bursa sits between the capsule and the subscapularis tendon, while the coracobrachial bursa is located between the subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles. 2023 Feb;143(2):699-706. doi: 10.1007/s00402-021-04125-2. The opposite, or antagonistic, action of. These tendons form a continuous covering called the rotator capsule. A custom-made Labview program allowed real-time observation and recording of the torque, angle and velocity of movements of all tests performed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Semitendinosus The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). Bony instability of the shoulder. Two weak spots exist in this reinforced capsule. When shoulder joint action = Flexion Agonist = Deltoid Antagonist= Latissimus Dorsi When shoulder joint action = Extension/hyperextension Agonist = Latissimus Dorsi Antagonist = Deltoid When shoulder joint action = abduction Agonist = Deltoid Antagonist = Latissimus Dorsi When shoulder joint action = adduction Agonist = Latissimus Dorsi Between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments, via which the subscapular. Calculating isokinetic shoulder torque ratios is a well-accepted method for highlighting the imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups. New paradigms in rotator cuff retraining. Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en radaptation du Montral mtropolitaincole de radaptation, Universit de Montral, Montreal, Canada, Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en radaptation et intgration sociale de QubecDpartement de radaptation, Universit Laval, Quebec City, Canada, EA 4136Handicap et systme nerveux, Universit de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France, You can also search for this author in The static structures of the shoulder complex, which includes the labrum (a fibrocartilaginous ring), the capsule, cartilage, ligaments, and fascia collectively act as the physical restraints to the osseous matter and provides a deepening effect to the shallow glenoid fossa. Preserve the natural curvature of the lumbar spine (low-back) throughout the entire lift. Lower the barbell until a slight stretch is felt in the pectorals. Barbell Bench Press: Targeted Muscle Groups. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987; 69: 676678. The glenoid fossa is a shallow pear-shaped pit on the superolateral angle of scapula. You can even add and remove individual muscles if you like. It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of scapula (gleno-) and the head of humerus (-humeral). A clinical perspective. Angular velocity did not have any influence on torque ratio values. It has been shown in the literature that performing the bench press with the elbows flared out to the sides and/or using a wide grip is best for activating the pectoralis muscles, particularly the sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis major, the largest portion of the chest (Lehman, 2015). The sticking point occurs shortly after the initiation of the concentric phase of the lift, typically when the bar is 3-16 cm from the chest (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). An optimal level of external stabilization was provided to ensure that participants exerted maximum effort. In addition, these torque curves confirm that the peak torque ratios are systematically calculated from noncorresponding angle values, which are usually recorded at both ends of the range of motion. Edouard P, Gasq, D., Calmels, P., Ducrot, S., Degache, F. Shoulder sensorimotor control assessment by force platform: feasibility and reliability. It acts to limit inferior translation and excessive externalrotation of the humerus. A complete torque ratio study along a useful or a selected range of motion could allow for better estimation of dynamic muscle balance. 2023 Jan 1;37(1):123-128. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004205. The hypothesis was that this method may provide better insight into shoulder muscle balance compared to peak torque ratio analysis that is frequently used. Scand J Rehabil Med 1979; 11: 2932. Moreover, it is estimated that only 25% of the humeral head articulates with the glenoid fossa at any one time during movements. For these authors, this method is well adapted for investigating shoulder dynamic stability, especially among athletes performing overhead tasks (that is, throwing). Adduction is produced by the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles. The primary joint actions that occur during the bench press include: Eccentric (lowering) Phase. (b) Angle subgroup abductoradductor torque ratios and peak torque ratios. Horizontal shoulder abduction. Ludewig PM, & Reynolds, J.F. The internal surface of the capsule is lined by a synovial membrane. To effectively rehabilitate a shoulder injury in clinical practice, it is important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. FOIA Internalrotation (90) - external rotation (90), Internal rotation (90) - Externalrotation (90). Avoid letting the low-back arch, the head to jut forward, or the shoulders to shrug during this motion in order to maintain an ideal and safe posture. Voisin P, Weissland T, Maillet M, Schumacker P, Delahaye H, Vanvelcenaher J .

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